Entrepreneurship and social enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneurship and social enterprise - Essay Example This organization was founded by two young college graduates named Matthew Slotover, a psychology graduate and Amanda Sharp, a PPE Graduate. They were assisted by Tom Gidley, an art college student. Mathew Slotover after completing his graduation from Oxford University has decided to work for him. He started to visit art gallery with his friend, which sparked the passion for contemporary art. This made him to combine his passion for arts combine with his dream to become boss. A promotion in the Guardian newspaper worked as catalyst where the works of few unknown artists with prices as well as contact details were shown. This made Matthew to think of creating a hybrid catalogue or magazine in which the artists can produce their works along with prices. This will make them reach to a wide range of consumers at a time and was expected to revolutionize the ways in which contemporary art world worked. In June 1991, the first edition of Frieze magazine was published. Frieze has grown as a significant company that had 44 employees and a turnover of 5 million, by focusing on art galleries as their major customers and applying their skills and expertise in desk-top publishing. Today, Frieze is operating as the most popular art magazine of Europe and is also gaining a strong position in United States. The Frieze Art Fair that was launched in London in 2003 was one of the top-tier art fairs that gained global recognition. The present case study has given the opportunity to analyze the situation in which the organization is going through and suggest the best possible option in which they can gain higher profitability. In this regards the paper will be focusing on the reasons that brought huge success for Frieze, their current stage according to the organizational life cycle and the best suitable strategy that they need to follow. Reasons for success At the launch of the magazine in 1991 Mathew started to work on the magazine so that it can be a grand success. Carl was a ga llery owner and a major player in the booming contemporary art world of London. He turned down the idea saying that the artists will not like to use magazines for displaying their work and they are used to with the galleries for displaying their works. Stuart Morgan was an eminent critic in the leading magazines of UK, emphasized on the fact that credibility of the magazine will be lost if they even one thing to sale. This feedback given by these eminent people was taken seriously by Mathew and was one of the major reasons for the success of their first magazine. Matthew decided to change the vision of the magazine by removing the sale side from the magazine and keeping the editorial content and keep the talk about arts. Matthew was joined by other two members and the total team of three started on work on the new issue. They decided on the name and rented a space from where they can operate. Recession started impacting the economy of UK, which acted as a blessing in disguise for â €˜Frieze’. The art world became less busy and the Frieze team was able to contact many of the eminent persons who were willing to offer their advice and time, which were very important for Frieze. Stuart Morgan’s help was also a big contribution towards the success of the business. Apart from this, contribution of all the team members who has devoted all their efforts and ideas towards

The parallels between The Crucible and the Rwanda Genocide Essay Example for Free

The parallels between The Crucible and the Rwanda Genocide Essay The Parallels between The Crucible and The Rwanda Genocide The themes of justice, community and sacrifice in The Crucible are universal and can be identified in many modern events in history, including the Rwanda Genocide. The genocide in Rwanda and The Salem Witch Hunts in The Crucible have many striking similarities, primarily these are: the hunting down and killing of a group of people identified as being different, the mass killing of people for no valid reason and the taking of revenge on a whole group of people for the acts of one or more individuals of that group. Common to these two events is the ruthless hunting down of victims. The judges in The Crucible pressure Abigail and the girls for the names of possible witches. Their mission is to convict as many as possible, without questioning if they may be innocent. The judges are merciless predators hunting their prey, exactly like the relentless Hutu’s seeking out the Tutsi’s in every part of Rwanda. The Hutu’s burst into people’s homes, ruthlessly searching for any Tutsi, ready to savagely torture them with machetes before killing them. Any Tutsi they find, regardless of age or sex, gets brutally slaughtered in order to totally eliminate the tribe. Another similarity is the relative escalation of death and murder once the trials/genocide had started. The numbers of deaths in The Crucible were much greater than anyone in the beginning could have predicted. Once Abigail realised the extent of the damage she had caused and saw how out of hand the trials had gotten, she fled. The violence in Rwanda reached extremes far greater than expected and became a genocide, resulting in the deaths of between 500 000-1 000 000 people, with thousands and thousands of brutally butchered corpses littering the streets. The motive behind both events is revenge. In The Crucible, Abigail initially uses the idea of witchcraft to save her own skin, she then realises that she can use it as excuse to seek revenge on Elizabeth Proctor for dismissing her and destroying her relationship with John Proctor. Similarly, the Hutu’s seek revenge on the Tutsi’s for shooting down their president, killing him and everyone else in the airplane. The Hutu’s believe the Tutsi’s were trying to regain power. There was a long history of rivalry and violence between these two tribes and the killing of the president was the catalyst ignited the voracious flames of revenge. The Hutu’s began their manhunt to find and kill the Tutsi’s in revenge for the years of perceived oppression  when the Tutsi’s ruled Rwanda. Like John Proctor in The Crucible, there too is a protagonist in the Rwanda Genocide – Paul Rusesabagina. They both display strength in standing up for what is right, they refuse to betray their friends and they both show great courage to do what is right, even if it means sacrificing themselves. In The Crucible, as things start to get out of hand, John takes it on himself to stand up to the authority and set things right. Even when standing up against the church places suspicion on him, John will not compromise his beliefs and fights for what he believes is right. This is the same fight Paul Rusesabagina undertakes. Paul refuses to fall into the violence and hatred between the Hutu’s and Tutsi’s. He questions the idea that Hutu’s are better than Tutsi’s. He himself, a Hutu, is married to a Tutsi and he will not let himself be threatened into changing his beliefs or into following what the other Hutu’s are doing. As a Hutu, Paul is expected to despise the Tutsi’s and to be a part of the violence and the killing. Instead he takes in the homeless, terrified Tutsi refugees and turned the hotel he was managing into a refugee camp. Paul knew that he and his family would be killed if the Hutu’s discovered what he was doing, but he did not falter. He took them in, protected them and provided for them when no one else had the courage to. He refused to betray or abandon his family and friends or his people. He saved the lives of 1 268 refugees through his sheer strength, intelligence, perseverance and bravery. Paul’s refusal to betray his people to save himself is strikingly similar to John’s refusal to betray his friends. Although his betrayal would have saved his life and allowed him to be with his family, he could not do it. John’s refusal to betray his friends leads to the ultimate sacrifice. His final act of defiance, to refuse to be part of something untruthful, ultimately led to his death. This emphasises his strength of character and his immense courage. Like John Proctor, Paul also made sacrifices and took great risks. Paul sacrifices his home, his job, the safety of his family and was even willing to sacrifice his life to save the lives of people he didn’t even know, but was willing to protect. He gave help to anyone who needed it,  Hutu or Tutsi. Both of these acts of sacrifice, from just one individual, led to the saving of many lives. The themes of justice, community and sacrifice in The Crucible are universal and timeless. The Crucible teaches us about these themes and teaches us to identify them in historical events. The baseless killing of innocent people simply because they belong to a certain group is repeated over and over in history along with how the courage of one or many individual/s can lead to the saving of multiple lives. There are always individuals in brutal situations who display enormous courage and humanity in standing up for what is right and not blindly following others; individuals who have the courage to question authority. The Crucible teaches us that the courage of one individual can save the lives of many if they only have the strength to question and to stand up for what they believe. The Crucible teaches us to identify these themes in real life events. In addition to the Rwanda Genocide, the relevance of The Crucible is manifested in other recent situations, we only have to consider school girl Malala Yousafzi who was shot in the head by the Taliban after speaking out and standing up for the right of girls to go to school in Afghanistan. The themes of justice, community and sacrifice are evident in The Crucible and The Crucible teaches us to recognise them in real life situations and teaches us the importance of courage and sacrifice, and the great impact that one brave individual can have in a horrific and seemingly hopeless situation.

Gregors Guilt in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis :: Metamorphosis essays

Gregor's Guilt in The Metamorphosis Humans feel obligated to do certain things. It makes them feel good, or worthwhile. If these responsibilities are not met or to the obligator's own standards then guilt comes upon them. In The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, Gregor's self-condemnation keeps him trapped. Gregor is enslaved to his family. Therefore Gregor's guilt emerges from the families' burden. The excerpt below is a key passage to understanding Gregor's guilt: "'Believe me, sir, there's something the matter with him. Otherwise how would Gregor have missed a train? That boy has nothing in his mind but the business. It's almost begun to rile me that he never goes out nights. He's been back in the city for eight days now, but every night he's home. He sits there with us at the table, quietly reading the paper or studying timetables."(10) Guilt can be from many different situations. Gregor's guilt was from his obligation to work. Even Gregor's mother, a bystander, could see his dedication to his job. Life without amusement becomes stressful and unpleasant. Throughout the novel Gregor finds himself stressed out because of his dissatisfaction with his ability to provide for his family. Gregor, finally near the end of the novel, finds satisfaction in something: his sister's violin. The novel is set on Gregor being placed into the fatherly role. From there stems all the problems from the novel. One in particular comes up. Gregor does not go out at night. This is his recreational time, his time to relax and unwind. Instead Gregor stays working even when he is away from his job. Work without relaxation is dangerous. Even ancient texts talk about a day of rest. Guilt is deadly. Gregor's guilt actually leads him to his death. The stress built up from his guilt was part of his death. Because of the stress and guilt Gregor did not eat much. He became malnourished. Many tragedies have been written on the guilt of a person. In the tragedy the guilt kills them.

Nursing Essay -- Health Care, Medical Technology

In this era of increasing medical technology, changing modes of communication and the expansion of nursing professional roles, ethical, legal and social issues in nursing are increasing. Nurses operate in situations that put them under ethical, legal and social challenges on a daily basis. These issues are linked to legislative changes and ethics of medical technologies geared towards helping nurses to provide better healthcare, for patients. They govern issues of confidentiality, practice, medical issues and the expectations the society has put on nurses. The nursing profession has had radical development and change since its inception. Technology has contributed much to the development of nursing as a profession Changing societal population demographics, the increase of complex knowledge in healthcare and increasing gaps in the nursing profession have made healthcare professionals and managers to call for an overhaul of the healthcare system (Cowen & Moorhead, 2006). Most recommendations advocating for change in nursing profession propose an increased use of technology that can make nursing practice more efficient. Information technology has the capacity to perform more than simple efficiency increase. Information technology is viewed as a part of the change in healthcare delivery as opposed to the automation of existing processes. This means that it has the potential to change nursing processes within institutions and create a favorable care relationship between nurses and patients. The adoption of technology in the nursing profession, specifically, within the workplace has been possible because of the interactions between technical skills, workplace culture and social support. Nursing requ ires information technology to prom... ...se of information technology, in their practice. Information technology issues should apply in nursing practice to help nurses respond appropriately in the betterment of health care. Conclusion Information technology has helped transform nursing profession over years. It has helped develop the professional into a unique and distinct profession. Nursing profession is significant in the society because it deals with the health issues. Therefore, information technology issues help in ensuring that patients get appropriate health care and nurses work in favorable working conditions. The improvements made to information technology issues have contributed to the betterment of the profession, over the years. Therefore, nurses must embrace information technology and make use of future developments in nursing profession because they play an essential role in practice.

VoIP at Butler University

Butler University identified weaknesses in the existing campus communication systems. Chief Information Office (CIO) Scott Kincaid's identified the need to upgrade or replace the Centrex system as Butler student enrollment and administrative data communication needs had outgrown its usefulness. Arguments for the Centrex system were that users found the system reliability to be beneficial. Once employees have a system that meets their current needs, some are reluctant to go embrace the next step to enhancing Job capabilities.The majority of students liked having campus rovided email even though 92% had cell phones. Various problems were associated with the existing system but it was not without failure. For no other reason than advances in technology, the current analog system had become outdated and hard to customize. Moving lines was labor intensive with student and administrative shifts. Changes become labor intensive and difficult to perform because not only is the hardware diffic ult to repair, at a certain point the system will be so antiquated that it won't be compatible with new vendor technology upgrades outside of Butler.A large amount of administrative time was spent reconciling the current billing system each month showing that again unnecessary labor was a hindrance to efficiency. Changes aren't without risk and administrative staff viewed merging data and voice networks was viewed as risky. A major concern was regarding the voice quality of VoIP technology. The IT department also knew that network security risks were a concern addressing other data network risk concerns post 9/1 1 . An efficient and flexible integrated emergency notification system was required to remedy this concern.Campus administration also feared virus attacks that commonly affected data networks. Unified communications is a term used to describe a system that integrates call and data communication applications that are interactive and collaborative with real- time and transacti onal capabilities. Butler hired the Dietrich Lockard Group, a telecommunications-consulting firm, to address the primary issues and needs of the university and to recommend a unified communications solution.To pinpoint the real needs of the university, Dietrich formed an advisory group comprised of dministrative staff from a variety of departments around campus who required a high-level of data usage and accuracy from the system. Those departments were admissions, financial services, student life, facilities management, the libraries, and department faculty. The advisory group and technical staff were taught about VoIP and steps that can be taken to mitigate its risks.The strategic plan involving integrating these five goals: improve student communications, improve handling of callers, leverage new services to assist staff and improve training on these systems, emain competitive with other institutions regarding the level of student services offered, and to provide more immediate ac cess to key Butler personnel. The options presented to Butler were to continue with the existing systems and make no changes. Many people find the system reliable.Another solutions would be to continue upgrading the existing system and equipment. Although expensive, IT staff was familiar with the system and, while difficult, upgrades were possible – at least in the system and integrate and independent VoIP for a few selected offices. This would llow Butler to make a small-scale technology change without compromising the entire communications network. The last and most expensive option is to acquire a new in-house PBX system for unified communications.The concern with this option is if Butler were to invest in a new PBX system would it have a limited life? With Dietrich's guidance, Butler drafted an RFP and put the project out for bid. Vendor selection would be based on the an analysis of the variables effecting choices, the vendor's ability meet the universitys needs as defin ed in the RFP, cost, availability of ocal support once the network was installed, and the vendor's experience with new VoIP and other enterprise systems.A vendor was selected and a very aggressive implementation schedule was initiated. Staff and students found the changeover simple and the pilot program made training fun. The IT department described the changeover as the â€Å"week from hell†. Phone system registration was labor intensive when each needed to be registered manually. Other problems were malfunctioning equipment, the 2,000 additional phone numbers provided by SBC came up missing nd required a 45-day window to fix the problem and food service and the bookstore didn't have Ethernet wiring.The biggest problem was that department safety alarm wiring was not compatible with new VoIP and the old system needed to be recreated to make them work. My concern with the alarm system was based on 1970's technology and should have been updated. I would consider the upgrade to be a wise decision on Butler's choice. Analog systems are antiquated and had they not made the change now, it may have been more costly in the future. Technology ntegration with outside source such as telecommunications companies and software support for financial and accounting systems.Any department that required data sharing and collaboration, mixed media messaging was at an operational risk had the change-over not been implemented. By converging systems for a unified communication solution, Butler had taken the proactive approach. It wasn't without unanticipated costs – a new IT staff position was created, and the unforeseen costs to the department alarm system and Ethernet cabling to food services and the bookstore were substantial. What Butler gained was collaborative applications, improved communications and convenience.Having a different call centers around campus, Butler could now examine call records and identify inefficacies within a specific area. The economy of i mproving these areas will be cost and improved university services. I believe Butler made the correct choice in moving forward with a new system. The only fault I found was in their not revamping the existing alarm system. The problems experienced during the changeover were minimal and solvable without reconstructing the plan. Again, a solid strategic and farsighted plan.

About Prostitution Essays

About Prostitution Essays About Prostitution Essay About Prostitution Essay Prostitution forms an age-worn but interesting chapter in the history of civilization and presents an important problem for modern society. All civilized countries have offered solutions, none of which are satisfactory, and only a few of them have even modified its baneful influence. We commonly speak of prostitution as being the oldest of the professions, but in the light of historical investigation, this is hardly in keeping with the truth. In order to understand the social construction of ‘prostitution’, we begin with common definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1989). In the English language, the word ‘prostitute’ can be used in several ways. Prostitute can be used as a noun: ‘A woman who is devoted, or (usually) who offers, her body to indiscriminate sexual intercourse, esp. for hire: a common harlot’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) or a verb: ‘To offer (oneself or another) to unlawful, esp. indiscriminate sexual intercourse, usually for hire; to devote or expose to lewdness (Chiefly refl. of a woman)’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) Dictionary descriptors of ‘prostitution’, the industry or practice, include ‘whoredom’ and ‘harlotry’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989a, p. 74). Prostitution is any, or a combination, or all of the following: a) sexual harassment b) rape c) battering d) verbal abuse e) domestic violence f) racial practice g) a violation of human rights h) childhood sexual abuse i) a consequence of male domination of women j) a means of maintaining male domination of women Dictio nary definitions provide only part of the picture. Discourses surrounding prostitution have varied greatly throughout time, demonstrating its dynamic conceptual nature. Despite these developments, particular beliefs have prevailed: for example, nineteenth-century morals have a direct influence upon the worldwide prohibition against prostitution (Perkins, 1991). The definition of a prostitute, as Rey (1851) describes her, as â€Å"a woman who allows the use of her body by any man, without distinction, for a payment, made or expected. † Havelock Ellis says practically the same thing- One who openly abandons her body to a number of men, without choice, for money. Both descriptions emphasize the fact that it is not the abundance of lovers which makes a woman a harlot, but the nature of her relationship with them- The sale of the sweet name of love. In the suppression of individual inclinations she differs from a mistress, a concubine or a polygamous wife. The Roman jurists held that the fee had nothing to do with prostitution. It was the mingling of the sexes, the lack of an individual bond between man and woman and the universal and unrestraine d gratification of sex passion that were its essential features. The fee is always contra bonus mores and not legally collectable. The mercenary side, so prominent today, is a secondary factor, resulting from the development of civilization. Remuneration is only an inevitable corollary of the consideration that a wife is the property of a man and therefore of definite value. The Profession of prostitution, says Parent Duchatelet (1836), is an evil of all times and all countries, and appears to be innate in the social structure of mankind. It will perhaps never be entirely eradicated, still all the more must we strive to limit its extent and its dangers. With prostitution itself, as with vice, crime and disease, the teacher of morals endeavors to prevent the vices, the lawgiver to prevent the crime and the physician to cure the disease. All alike know that they will never fully attain their goal but they pursue their work none the less, in the conviction that who does only a little good, yet does a great service to the weak man. The earliest discourse, based on theology and philosophy, emphasized the immorality and corruption of female souls. Nineteenth-century religious writers considered prostitution to be a ‘social evil that threatened the family as well as the social order’ (Ryan, 1997, p. 20). Prostitution later entered the closely linked medical–legal domains; criminalization of prostitution was facilitated by conceptualizing prostitution as a public health issue, stressing its role in spreadi ng infectious diseases (Ryan, 1997). During the 1970s, the prostitutes’ rights movement arose, which argued that prostitution represented a form of labor, comparable to other ‘helping’ professions, such as doctors, social workers or lawyers (Perkins and Bennett, 1985; Perkins, 1991). Moreover, it was also conceptualized as a contract between equals, having the effect of describing it as a commercial transaction: ‘In this view, individuals own their labor power and stand in relation to their property in their body and capacities in the same relation as their property as property owners’ (Jeffreys, 1997, p. 73) This view dominates the current reality of the adult prostitution sex industry. This has been evident by its largely visible status through maintaining ‘an important presence in political and sexual culture over the last decade’ (Sullivan, 1997, p. 201). It is alarming that the age of entry into prostitution is clearly geared toward younger and younger groups. Kathleen Mahoney, a professor of law in Calgary University, Canada argued in 1995, â€Å"How do we even conceptualize ‘juvenile’ prostitution, when the age of consent for legal sexual activity is constantly lowered, as in the Netherlands and the Philippines? The prehistoric period can, of course, supply us with little accurate knowledge. The earliest human records, about 4000 B. C. , make reference to it, but for anything of value, we must turn to comparative ethnology, where the customs of primitive people throw considerable light on the early stages. There seems no evidence that the elemental sex instinct, the ever-raging animal in man†, as Plato called it, has been altered in the slightest degree by all the centuries of culture and education. The advancing development of mankind in early times, brought sex attraction into close conjunction with the religious impulse, and upon this basis sprang up. A free sexual life, along with the social life, has continued to our own day. The origin of prostitution is closely connected with the rise of brothels and the development of the system of free love. No longer do all the girls, but only a certain few, offer themselves to the frequenters of houses for men. These few generally live in selected domiciles and are paid for their sex services. The common woman also offers herself to strangers and travelers, and this may be the origin of the hospitable prostitute. In Africa, through the influence of slavery, practically all prostitutes were slaves. A young woman was bought, sheltered in a special hut and required to offer herself to anyone in return for a small present, the owner of the slave receiving the earnings. In Dahomey, the King was the proprietor of all these women- a case of government control. In ancient Egypt, Arabia and Israel the courtesan was recruited from divorced and cast-off wives who wandered about from place to place. A study of racial development shows that prostitution exists among all aboriginal peoples where sexual intercourse is restricted or restrained, and that it is nothing more than a new form for the primitive mingling of the races. In its entire history it is a derivative from the free sexual life of primeval man. As Schurtz says, In all places where free love is separated from passions and their satisfaction prostitution is found. † In a civilized society, we should organize that the burden of inequalities, which underlie prostitution, should not be carried by children.

Letting Your Challenges Define Youâ€Finding Your Niche

Letting Your Challenges Define You- Finding Your Niche I had every reason not to write. With all three of my kids having major disabilities, my life was about plate-spinning and hoping that my plates would not all come crashing onto the floor- at least, not all at once. I felt sorry for myself- for leaving teaching to play caregiver, and for quitting on the writing I loved. But, helping my kids was my callingand yet, also a challenge that stopped my career and defined who I was. Caregiver. Not writer. Sure, I wrote some lessons for their teachers. I had my teaching credential and a masters in educational curriculum development. Why not? But, mostly, I just volunteered. My kids are now 20-something; only my son has launched. Both of my girls still need help with crisis-management and life skills. It seemed like my life was all about helping kids navigate theirs. There was no room for a writing career. Until the day, twelve years ago, my sons teacher asked me for help. Federal law mandates schools teach transition skills to students with special needs. Students need to learn how to adultfrom cooking and cleaning, to finding and keeping a job. What she found was either too-print-rich or too ba It felt good. Here was a project I could do while my kids were asleep. It was creative and needed. Â  It was almost like Id been training my whole life to write this work. It took off. First, I sold hard copies to local teachers. Word spread. Soon, teachers wanted new topics for different populations- kids who needed basic life skills, kids on the autism spectrum, kids who were in workability programs- and Daily Living Skills emerged. As sales grew, I submitted to educational publishers. They rejected me because my niche market was too small. I continued to self-publish. I joined Teachers Pay Teachers (TpT). They sell digital lessons During this time, Hope wrote about a call for submissions from Chicken Soup for the Soul in Funds for Writers. I wrote about the miracles of life with special needs kids. Im now a regular author for them. Â  I soon added a bi-weekly column about parenting special needs teens on HealthyPlace.com. I began speaking at conferences and developed a following. A new family crisis inspired me to write a novel about a bipolar teen finding the hero within herself. The Edge of Brilliance was my first YA novel, published Ironically, I now write every chance I get. I speak at conferences and post on blogs, my articles appear in magazines all over the country and books on a regular basis, Ive published one novel and am working on another, and Im considered an expert in my field. I do this while still staying home as a caregiver for my daughters and helping them navigate the last steps of transition. And yet, I am a writerbecause I let my challenges define my niche. Links: www.susantraugh.com www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Susan-Traugh www.teacherspayteachers.com https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/author/straugh https://www.facebook.com/transition2life.dailylivingskills/ susan.traugh@gmail.com

EPA essays

EPA essays Prior to the 1920s, very few people were aware of the term or concept biosphere, and prior to the 1960s minimal people knew the term environment. Beginning around the 1930s, literature concerning this topic began to appear. Up until this time Americans thought of the natural world as being a storehouse of raw materials intended for human economic purposes. In the late 60s, Americans began to recognize an emerging crisis. They had seen firsthand serious environmental destruction. They lived near polluted lakes where it was too gross to swim or fish. They lived in grimy, air-polluted cities. They witnessed DDT killing wildlife. They were eating pesticide-ridden foods. People suddenly became aware of the environment. They realized that it isnt indestructible or invincible, and that humans were having a negative affect on the environment. This awareness sparked a concern among some Americans and thus began the conservation movement. The conservation movement sought to ensure wi se use of the latent wealth of nature. In 1965 the Conservation Foundation held a conference on Future Environments of North America. As a result of this conference many concerned authors published literature outlining the proceedings. These writings contributed to a heightened public awareness of an endangered environment. They began to bring political concerns to the public eye. Environmental pollution became a huge public health concern. Of course the conservationists did have many critics. At first it was considered just another special interest group similar to groups supporting women, seniors, gay men and lesbians, ethnic groups and cultures lobbying for attention. They faced huge critics in the developing stages. Hard scientists and engineers such as oil geologists, industrial chemists, etc. argued humanitys ingenuity and perseverance woul...

Microeconimics Simester Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microeconimics Simester Assignment - Essay Example The factors that commonly influence demand conditions (with other things held constant) are, changes in tastes and preferences, income of people influences the demand of normal and inferior goods, changes in the size of population, weather, changing expectations and prices of other related goods such as substitutes and complements. Changes in these factors will shift the demand curve. As the demand for bio-fuels increase, this will result in a higher level of production of bio-fuels. Bio-fuel usually use both corn and sugar as inputs where the yield of these crops is utilized in the production process (Vidal n.d.) As a result of an increase in demand of the bio-fuel, a substantial rise was reported in the demand of corn. Corn is now required as a source of food as well as an input for bio-fuel production. The image shows the increase in price as a result of the increase in demand of crops. The previous demand used to be D1 which was added with the demand of crops for bio-fuels and th is resulted in the new demand curve D1+D2. This graph also shows how an addition to the demand has resulted in the increase of prices of crops to PC*. If the increased demand is not addressed by added production, then the prices rise because the market forces come into play and determine the market prices (AmosWEB n.d.). The above graph shows that the supply curve does not shift and merely extended and as a result the prices have increased. ii) Supply refers to the quantity of a product that the producers are willing and ready to produce at a given price. The graph below shows supply function. The supply function is upward sloping. This is because the greater the price, the greater will be incentive to produce more and hence the supply will increase. Changes in supply curve can occur because of a number of reasons such as change in technology, the cost of producing other goods and services such as substitutes, taxes and subsidies, changes in input costs, number of producers in the m arket and weather. Change in these factors causes the supply curve to shift. In this case, since the product under consideration is corn which is an agricultural product, it is a difficult task to enter the industry of producing corn because there is often a limitation of land availability. The optimum solution seems to improve the agricultural and conversion technology. If there is an improvement in the seed quality, then it will result in a greater yield which will increase the supply. Also, there is often wastage in the conversion process but this wastage can be controlled if a new technique and technology is introduced. This will result in added supply available for consumption and thus the overall supply increases. As the supply increases in this case, the prices of the crops will go down. Here, the image on the right shows that the increase in demand has shifted the curve towards the right, even the supply curve is shifted to the right because of improvement in production tech niques. This increase in supply is greater than the increase in demand and has helped to keep the price down despite the increase in demand. In our case, the supply of the crop has increased as a result of an improvement in agricultural and conversion technology and this will result in keeping the prices lower. iii) The bio-fuels are the new addition in the oils industry throughout the world. The formulation of ethanol has addressed the growing concerns of

AT&T, Verizon, Sprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AT&T, Verizon, Sprint - Research Paper Example Similarly, the operators’ privacy policy remains of enormous importance and is significant in swaying preference based on how secure a client feels. While national carriers remain committed to privacy protection, the problem persists in modern times owing to clauses that seem to preserve corporate interests at the expense of the client. Focusing on AT&T, Verizon, and Sprint, this paper explores similarities and differences privacy policies with the aim of establishing areas that require improvement. Background and Visions With its origins linked to the Bell Telephone Company that was founded by Graham Bell, AT&T commands a large market share across its subsidiary companies that offer a wide range of products and services. The company boosts a large following of more than 100 million subscribers of broad range wireless voice and data services. This is facilitated by the company’s capacity and coverage that goes beyond the US and into more than 200 countries. For periods, AT&T have established consistency in innovative, reliable, and high quality products and services guided by the mission to connect people with their world. The company’s mission seeks to establish coverage in accordance to basic and daily routines of their target population (AT&T, n.d.). In this manner, AT&T seeks perfection in the provision of services by creating new solutions to cover personal and business needs, which drives innovation in the industry. An amalgamation between Bell Atlantic and GTE saw the emergence of Verizon, which has grown to become a major competitor in the provision of wired and wireless communication services. Initially, Bell Atlantic was founded as a result of the AT&T breakup in the anti-trust judgment, which saw the Bell acquire seven of Bell Operating Companies. As such, this contributed to the rise of the company to the largely competitive communications industry in the US. Verizon specializes in the provision of wire line communication servic es and boosts of a wide coverage of high-speed optical fibre line, which serves facilitate various products. This has seen the company establish partnerships with various broadcast companies to deliver a wide variety of digital entertainment including pay-tv services. This way, Verizon is able to fulfil the basic of its intentions as stipulated in the company’s mission, which is to allow communication among people and businesses. The company also indicates a great deal of commitment to its clientele, staff, and investors that works towards creating a respected brand in communication. With its base in Kansas City, Sprint Corporation serves millions of businesses and residential customers in more than 70 countries. The company is recognized for the development and deployment of state-of-the-art network technologies associated with America’s first nationwide fiber-optic network. It is through this that clients are served in various capacities including network-based voice , video, and data services. Sprint’s mission aims at the provision of enriching and productive experience to their customers with regard to communication solutions. This way, the company hopes to provide the best client service, products, and rates that will constitute the evaluation standards in the world. Similarities in Private Policies A privacy policy describes a set of regulations that govern the collection, use, and dissemination of a client’

Ducati Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty Essay

Ducati Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty - Essay Example The research has been divided into different parts and each part is important to achieve the research aim and objectives in a significant and desired manner. There is no denying that loyalty is dependent on satisfaction and when customers are satisfied, there is every chance of them becoming loyals making it easy for organsiations to retain them for a long period of time. The research aims at identifying the loyalty and trust of Ducati customers in a critical and logical manner along with understanding what exactly influence and impact their loyalty in the short as well as in the long run. The research covers different aspects of customer loyalty and customer perception with prime focus on Ducati as a brand appealing a number of customers across the world. Pomerantz defined perception as a process of attaining awareness or understanding environments by interpreting information. This statement is based on normal human psychology that can be related to the customer perception. Customer perception is a process that is based on the information collected from wide arrays of sources and resources. It can be the case that customers using the existing product or service may create awareness along with changing the level of perception about that particular product or service. Organisations need to understand the perception of customers in order to market their products and services along with offering them something that will exceed the level of perceived perception (Alan, Gary, 2011) The research aims at identifying the perception of Ducati customers through questionnaires in order to understand their views and opinions highlighting their loyalty and trust factor for the motorcycle brand. The research has been divided into different parts and each part is important to achieve the research aim and objectives in a significant and desired manner. There is no denying that loyalty is dependent on satisfaction and when customers are satisfied, there is every chance of them b ecoming loyals making it easy for organsiations to retain them for a long period of time (Jones, et al, 2002). The research aims at identifying the loyalty and trust of Ducati customers in a critical and logical manner along with understanding what exactly influence and impact their loyalty in the short as well as in the long run. The research covers different aspects of customer loyalty and customer perception with prime focus on Ducati as a brand appealing a number of customers across the world. 1.1: Research Background Customer perception decides their buying behavior to an extent. Considering the fact that good and valid perception about a product often creates a positive image that allures customers to get associated with that product or service in the short as well as in the long run. Customer perception can be considered as the first stage of buying behavior where there is a difference between the reality and perception. Until and unless, customers use the product; ascertaini ng the reality can be a cumbersome task offering irrelevant attention and importance to perception (Reichheld, 1993). Customers’ perceptions can be influenced through reference groups and opinion leaders but should offer desired and more than perceived results in order to create long term value and mutual benefits in the competitive business environment. Perception leads to interest and zeal that forms the foundation of accepting products and services. On the other hand brand loyalty is consumers’

Lysistrata by Aristophanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lysistrata by Aristophanes - Essay Example Lysistrata then decides to summon all women and ask them to turn down any sexual requests from their husbands until the men decide to end the war. The heated conversation between the Commissioner and Lysistrata only highlights Lysistrata's sensibility. The women's power is further emphasized when they manage to scare away the Commissioner's police officers. Attempting to convince the Commissioner that war has cost women dearly and that a city should not be run with abrupt violence, Lysistrata uses an analogy of wool spinning-a common activity for women. The play approaches its reconciliation when the kings of Sparta and Athens both have an erection but are unable to have sex with their wives. The play then ends on a comic note with every man having an erection and desiring Lysistrata's naked maid while Lysistrata lectures them and has them sign the peace treaty. Although women in Lysistrata are able to influence war in Greence, they can only rely on their feminine sexuality and their husband's sexual desire to achieve such a political goal. In other words, on one hand Lysistrata wants women to assert their autonomy; on the other hand she exploits their sexuality. Thus, Lysistrata's only means to challenge men's authority is by using women as sexual objects. Lysistrata may be seen as a feminine figure as she arouses solidarity among women and takes the initiative to challenge the gender status quo in the country. On the surface, Lysistrata defies against the stereotypes of women set by men: domestic, docile, and obedience. However, by asking the women to refuse sex with their husbands to achieve the political goal, Lysistrata is in fact encouraging women to view their sexuality as a mere instrument, or a tool for them to achieve status quo with their husbands. Lysistrata displays her tendency to objectify women, just like their husbands do. For example, she gazes at Lampito and makes her feel like "a heifer come fair time." Lysistrata also scrutinizes Ismenia's vagina and the buttocks of the Korinthian Girl. Ironically, Lysistrata is examining the bodies of women as if she is a man while her goal is to define the gender inequality in Greece. While exploiting other women's sexuality, Lysistrata denies her femininity and she may be the most masculine character in the play. Lysistrata instructs the women to play on male stereotypes, that is, men have boundless sexual desire, while becoming more masculine herself. The only way Lysistrata can gain and retain her power is by rejecting not only the frailty, but also the femininity of women. In other words, Lysistrata can only empower herself as a woman by not acting like one. This complicates the argument that Lysistrata is a feminist play. According to the historical context of Ancient Greece, all characters in the play will be played by male actors in front of male audiences. This will inevitably affect the sexual tension of the play. In this particular context, the play may be viewed as a piece of male-oriented instead of feminist work as it allows the male audience to mock the "empowerment" of women with the overall comical tone of the play. The fact that there are no real women on stage and that Lysistrata is a masculine character suggests that Aristophanes does not intend to make the play an advocacy for female political autonomy. Ultimately, it is the men who have the power to change the

Economics of Race and Gender Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Term Paper Example The very reason that Equal Pay Day is being recognized by the Bethlehem branch of the American Association of University Women at Moravian College on 20th of April 2010 in the Haupert Union Building on the North Campus points towards the current need to bridge the wage gap between the salaries of men and women. Funds were raised by holding a bake sale selling cookies in 77 cents to women and same cookies in $1 to women because according to the U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, women working full time earn 77 cents against each dollar earned by men. According to Susan S. McNamara, a retired college administrator of Bethlehem Township and president of AAUW, the wage gap has decreased the real median income of women by more than half million dollars in comparison to men since 1960. This wage gap is more widened in the case of minority women. In comparison to white men, minority African-American women earn 67 cents while African-American men earn 78 cents on the dollar. Hispanic women earn even lower, 58 cents. The reason for selecting 20th of April as Equal Pay Day was to know how much more time women require in a year to earn equal to what men earned the previous year – about additional four months! A number of facilities have been gained through legislation on making of Family and Medical Leave Act and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act besides favorable policies like flextime and telecommuting, which are equally beneficial for employed women and their employers but in the matter of equal paychecks, women still are far behind men. From an economic point of view, according to Catherine Hill, the senior research associate at the AAUW Educational Foundation, â€Å"There's a gap here that economists agree cant be explained away by women's choices.  

Lysistrata by Aristophanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lysistrata by Aristophanes - Essay Example Lysistrata then decides to summon all women and ask them to turn down any sexual requests from their husbands until the men decide to end the war. The heated conversation between the Commissioner and Lysistrata only highlights Lysistrata's sensibility. The women's power is further emphasized when they manage to scare away the Commissioner's police officers. Attempting to convince the Commissioner that war has cost women dearly and that a city should not be run with abrupt violence, Lysistrata uses an analogy of wool spinning-a common activity for women. The play approaches its reconciliation when the kings of Sparta and Athens both have an erection but are unable to have sex with their wives. The play then ends on a comic note with every man having an erection and desiring Lysistrata's naked maid while Lysistrata lectures them and has them sign the peace treaty. Although women in Lysistrata are able to influence war in Greence, they can only rely on their feminine sexuality and their husband's sexual desire to achieve such a political goal. In other words, on one hand Lysistrata wants women to assert their autonomy; on the other hand she exploits their sexuality. Thus, Lysistrata's only means to challenge men's authority is by using women as sexual objects. Lysistrata may be seen as a feminine figure as she arouses solidarity among women and takes the initiative to challenge the gender status quo in the country. On the surface, Lysistrata defies against the stereotypes of women set by men: domestic, docile, and obedience. However, by asking the women to refuse sex with their husbands to achieve the political goal, Lysistrata is in fact encouraging women to view their sexuality as a mere instrument, or a tool for them to achieve status quo with their husbands. Lysistrata displays her tendency to objectify women, just like their husbands do. For example, she gazes at Lampito and makes her feel like "a heifer come fair time." Lysistrata also scrutinizes Ismenia's vagina and the buttocks of the Korinthian Girl. Ironically, Lysistrata is examining the bodies of women as if she is a man while her goal is to define the gender inequality in Greece. While exploiting other women's sexuality, Lysistrata denies her femininity and she may be the most masculine character in the play. Lysistrata instructs the women to play on male stereotypes, that is, men have boundless sexual desire, while becoming more masculine herself. The only way Lysistrata can gain and retain her power is by rejecting not only the frailty, but also the femininity of women. In other words, Lysistrata can only empower herself as a woman by not acting like one. This complicates the argument that Lysistrata is a feminist play. According to the historical context of Ancient Greece, all characters in the play will be played by male actors in front of male audiences. This will inevitably affect the sexual tension of the play. In this particular context, the play may be viewed as a piece of male-oriented instead of feminist work as it allows the male audience to mock the "empowerment" of women with the overall comical tone of the play. The fact that there are no real women on stage and that Lysistrata is a masculine character suggests that Aristophanes does not intend to make the play an advocacy for female political autonomy. Ultimately, it is the men who have the power to change the

Marketing Plan College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan College - Case Study Example This will provide Ownership Properties with an opportunity to leverage its core competencies while servicing its business clients in an exclusive environment. Ownership Properties, INC is a privately owned and operated real estate investing /managing company. The group specializes in investing ideas, occupying strategies, inner city locations and serves primarily investing clients. Its available investment properties have between three and five bedrooms plus categories, and include all local and nationwide homebuilders. OPI has a high instance of repeat business across all its brands, particularly with custom homebuilders. The housing market is currently somewhat depressed, due to the economic downturn and restrictions being made on qualifying loans and financing. This threat to these critical sectors could be considered as short to medium term, as indications of a return to business . Observed. Ownership Properties, INC must continue to focus on delivering an exemplary business service at competitive rates, in order to cultivate repeat business. Ownership Properties, INC offers value and benefits to its clients in earning percentage commission on all deals. Its clients need to know that they can depend upon and develop a relationship with the management company that will ensure efficiency, ample value for their money and reliable support when they need it. OPI chooses to build very strong customer relationships, and we want to stay an integral part of the investing market. Market Demographics - Investor sources: California, New Jersey, New York, Chicago and Portland. Market trends can be categorized as follows: Taxation investing - 15% of client base. A 1031 exchange of certain types of property may defer the recognition of capital gains or losses due upon sale, and hence defer any capital gains taxes. Section 1031 investors are mostly seeking to invest concurrently in multiple real estate deals. Quality is a secondary concern to quantity. These prospect investors are the easiest and the most corporate of all time, as their main concern is taxation. Section 1031 investors may purchase investment property without question or even a site visit, as long as the deals can be closed within their desired timeframe. A specific timeline and term have to be met in closing the deals. Investors could incur large losses if they do not meet the specific terms of the 1031 exchange. Cash investing - 25% of client base. This portion consists mostly of experienced investors, who have multiple properties and extra cash on hand to obtain a higher rate of return than the regular CD or passbook account at a local bank. These are the most efficient and mature clients, who can close deals within two days if the price is right. OPI tends to favors these type of customers because they are low maintenance. Long-term investing - 60% of client base. This kind of investing is always connected with financing. The investors who are interested in long-term investing are usually short of cash, but have good credit histories. They are looking for high returns, but are skeptical. fully depend on the rent in covering the mortgage. Since this group has little or no investment experience, investment advisors must usually devote a lot of time to consulting, confidence

Collective empowerment Essay Example for Free

Collective empowerment Essay â€Å"To find out about my life. The truth. In the end. That’s all. † Nadine Gordimer’s 11th novel heroine, Vera Stark, takes over the hearts of literary critiques as she goes through the course of transition taking place in post-apartheid South Africa and in herself. â€Å"None to accompany me† is yet another Nadine Gordimer literary masterpiece that explores the dramatic effect of a country to an individual’s change on a personal level. The novel opens with Vera’s infidelity to her first husband; and as the story advances and she ages, she assesses her life and gains a new perspective on her relationship with her second husband, Bennett. Meanwhile, she tries to understand her daughter’s case on being a lesbian and why her husband pretends not to notice. Here, we see her struggle with her private feelings while engaged in civic issues where she had difficulty dealing with â€Å"relationships for which there was no preexisting formula of hostility or friendship, suspicion or trust. Note that the novel takes place in post-apartheid South Africa there’s been a radical change in social boundaries therefore, making it difficult to contend black interests. As Gordimer says, â€Å"When a railway line is abandoned, the tracks arent taken up. ; the railway referring to prejudiced white South Africans. Put in simpler terms, changing the law is one thing but changing the people’s attitude is another. Being a wife and a mother, a political activist and a lover, Stark’s sensible and sensual character reflects the author’s to some degree. Even her course of life takes resemblance to Gordimer’s: Vera Stark, a graduate of legal studies, becomes head of a Legal Institution established as a â€Å"reaction against the blackness of the black community, fights back the system with its own tricks. She will become the living example of how the collapse of an old regime allows us perhaps to abandon our old self. Maybe abandon an old personal life, too. Indeed, she will gradually see everything around her changing radically, and as consequences provoke other consequences, she will almost lose her life, after a murder attempt against her which will bring her face to face with the face of death, she will experience the fall of the frenzied racism monster as well as the transition towards a new regime with new supporters, ready like the others before them to be corrupted, the unjustified violence and the extreme poverty, she will revaluate her own existence, as a mother, as a companion and as a woman, she will watch her friends changing, she will be fascinated by the leader of the Black People and she will endure all these hardships with the stoicism of wisdom† (Nadine Gordimer on Vera Stark, â€Å"None to accompany me†); Likewise, Gordimer holds record for being a political activist throughout her lifetime and joined, as well as led, several organizations both legal and illegal that expressed her concerns on moral and r acial issues, especially the apartheid in South Africa. Meanwhile, the novel’s secondary characters put an intriguing twist to the story, somehow blending in whilst telling a story of their own: Veras second husband Bennet, a supposed sculptor downgraded to selling prestige luggage to provide for her; their son Ivan, a London banker, and their lesbian daughter, Annie, a South African doctor; Didymus and his wife Sibongile (Sally) Maqoma, Vera’s black friends who returned from exile after the apartheid; their lovely daughter Mpho, half-Zulu, half-Xhosa, whose been raised in London; Veras co-worker Oupa, former prisoner on Robber Island, who has big hopes and plans for South Africa; and Zeph Rapulana, one of the new black men with the skills and personal power to help makes such dreams come true. Gordimer’s portrayal of each minor character’s image was brief but delightfully vivid. Also, despite being the lead character in the novel, two lives are actually examined throughout besides Stark’s, thereâ€℠¢s Sally Maqona. After returning to South Africa from exile, she and her husband were received as heroes, for being part of the principal revolutionaries during the apartheid. However, an unexpected exchange in roles between the couple happened: Didymus, the male, was set aside the big picture for being a traditionalist whereas Sibongile, his wife, was selected to join high-profile politicians as she was regarded as one of the intellects and the most suitable to represent the new South Africa. Gordimer smoothly showed how these separate lives worked out how both women and their husbands are involved in taking down the apartheid system, and at the same time, how they handled more personal issues: a teen daughter’s pregnancy, the death of a co-worker, a son’s divorce, their own marital commitment, new employment and shifting friendships. All these are set in a growing complex political entity wherein each individual must somehow fit or adjust their identity. â€Å"Is there ever a really fair division of labour, as you call it, between couples? Vera’s daughter, Annie, asks her. Perhaps the answer to this question lies in the novel itself but then again, it’s uncertain will it be a yes or a no? Traditionally, so to speak, men take over positions dominating women. In this case however, one might find it amusing that it is the females holding the so-called ‘superior’ position instead of her husband, Sally is voted to preside over the board and even Vera has taken a seat amongst high-ranking officials. Moreover, I find it noteworthy to mention Vera’s alacritous acceptance of her daughter’s homosexuality at one part, she defends the merits of the male genitalia to her newly announced lesbian daughter. With such circumstances at hand, one wonders whether this novel was written to be intentionally inclined to feministic views or it’s just how it was meant to go. Nonetheless, this has nothing to do with Gordimer; in point of fact, she’s against sexism, racism, and the like as evident from her reactions in real life encounters. As to the novel’s setting, Gordimer’s ardent description of the South African post-apartheid is written in such a way as if meant to bring the reader inside the story itself. She highlights South Africa’s torment from racial discrimination and social division a glimpse of its ‘heterotopia’. Through Gordimer, one can not only see the narrative illustration presented but feel it, too, through the characters. It’s even more intense than reading a newspaper headliner, so to say. There’s no wonder Gordimer was able to come up with an excellent novel: she has ever since been a political activist in South Africa, expressing her thoughts through outstanding literary pieces concerning relevant issues facing the locals, and even being active in the anti-apartheid movement she joined the African National Congress during the days when it was still illegal. Her works dealt greatly with political issues, especially those of her own country, and love entwined with the lives of ordinary people. She’s won various awards through the decades including the 1991 Nobel Prize for Literature because her contribution is, in the words of Alfred Nobel, â€Å"of very great benefit to humanity†. All of her works are based from her own personal record, being one articulate witness of the contemporary world her country’s in, with a hinge of imagination reality and fiction combined. With â€Å"None to accompany me†, Nadine Gordimer certainly outdid herself this time a recollection of her previous notable works combined with a near-perfect replica of her own private life and personal beliefs on the inadequate development of her country: analphabetism and semi-alphabetism, poverty, racism, and the transition from the racist regime to the democratic state among others. Further additional concepts she used cover spatial control as a mark of repression and as an emphasis of political resistance, and a vague reference on South African urbanization. This particular flair of hers is quite remarkable, Gordimer is one of the few capable of delivering a composition where realpolitik meets the inner self it’s complex, intense, intriguing, and definitely fascinating. Regardless of recent reviews saying that her style of unfolding the narrative is more urgent compared to her earlier pieces, they commend her for keeping the ‘magic’ still. Her narrative form is unique to her she does it with sophistication and boldness; she writes what is there and she writes it with utmost comprehension and solemnity. Down to the last word, this read will leave you in awe. â€Å"It is not enough for someone to say that he is a writer. He must do what he can! †, so she says. The new South Africa that is evolving right now is coming to terms with the various repressions and discriminations it did in the past. South Africa is now freeing itself from the vestiges of apartheid and at the same time unmasking apartheid as it takes in different forms not only in society but in the hearts of its citizens. While apartheid is now officially denounced, there are still traces of it in many of its structures and apartheid still exists in the internal structures of culture and individual consciousness. One must be able to weed out apartheid inside one’s own heart even if the mind says you have already rid of it conceptually. There are practices and bad habits that are hard to break. Apartheid still exists in subliminal forms. The true affirmation and sense of self worth still needs to be developed. Collective empowerment still needs to be done on the structural level. This means poverty eradication, women empowerment, literacy programs, and economic programs that would provide labor and a genuine sense of self worth. In the area of economics, there should be access to opportunity and privilege not only for the white and the rich but also for the majority poor and the black. In the political level, the voice of the majority still needs to be heard and well represented. In the area of culture, there still needs to be a radical break from the past and a birth of a totally new culture that would define South Africa on a new level of its accomplishments and not its sins from the past.

Masculinity In Marlowes Edward The Second Play

Masculinity In Marlowes Edward The Second Play Renaissance plays often have the tension between order and disorder as its underlying central issue, which is frequently expressed through the conflicts presented in love, loyalty, family relations, gender issues, and politics and law; and these plays attempt to reinstate order in the end by trying to dispose of those elements that cause the disruption of society. One widely celebrated author from this period, famous for his works Hero and Leander and Doctor Faustus, is Christopher Marlowe. Marlowes plays are similar in respect that the tension of order and disorder lies at its core, and an in depth analysis can be done of his play Edward the Second on all the previously mentioned themes. Marlowes Edward the Second questions the gender boundaries as presented in the early-modern period, and the notions on masculinity are closely intertwined with politics in this play, which can be noticed when focussing on ideas of masculinity with regards authority, sexuality, and women as presented in Marlowes play. Women, thus, were axiomatically perceived as being subordinated to men, especially concerning the financial and legal organisation of society. As the normal manner in which the head controls its body, the subordination of women was considered to be absolutely natural (hobby, 32). Domestically, the power rested with the father who was considered to be in command. Women were considered to be less rational than men and prone to emotional outbursts, and, consequently, they required male protection. (Traub, 129-130) According to Curtis Perry in Eros and Power in English Renaissance Drama, masculinity was stereotypically associated with rational self-command and constancy (6), and to handle public orders as opposed to personal desires (Shephard, 75), while effeminateness was linked to uncontrollable passion, spending to much time at home, and being dedicated to women in a subordinate rather than mastery position (Sinfield, 88). When discovered in men, these effeminate qualities instigated the downfall of social structures and positions as recognized in early-modern England; so, men should attempt to repudiate this effeminate behaviour and assert manliness. Furthermore, according to Stephen Orgel, manhood was not a natural condition but a quality that had to be striven for and maintained through constant watchfulness (Orgel, 29), which was done through manuals -for example Castigliones The Book of the Courtier- that emphasized masculine behaviour without showing effeminate behaviour. Other significant features of masculinity included fighting and violence, rivalry, uniforms, being a father, and facial hair. This last trait separated men from the boys who appear often in conjunction with effeminacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and] from the viewpoint of the masterful male they are both inferior (Sinfield, 103). Also, men are physically stronger than women, and in an age where there is no technology as existing today muscles were required for accomplishing hard, physical labour, resu lting in men being more dominant compared to women. Additionally, manliness generally meant hanging out with other males (Sinfield, 88) and, in the early-modern period social stability and order were governed by these homo-social bonds between men, for everyone was defined in relation to these. The social structure was constructed round systems of patronage and clientele between men, and many institutions required men to share domestic space with one another, especially beds. The relations between master/servant, or tutor/pupil for example were often specified in terms of an idealized friendship and were essential to society. The emphasis upon the importance of manliness as a performed role and the centrality of the inter-male relations as the basis of social order places the men and the male body at the centre of society (Hattaway, 482). Nevertheless, there were exceptions regarding the general gender-roles as mentioned above. Widows, for example, had some power in the domestic sph ere and in financial businesses, because they had no man to arrange their businesses. Moreover, Queen Elizabeth was a woman with power and control, and was thus associated with masculine qualities. Although females with masculine traits were usually perceived as anomalies of society, this was not the case for Queen Elizabeth who is considered to be one of Englands most remarkable leaders. In this period, the role of a king or queen was primarily a public position, and their authority and ability to rule the country was inextricably intertwined with their ability to govern themselves, which is a central theme clearly illustrated in Christopher Marlowes play Edward the Second. Kings were regarded as possessing ideal personal virtues that made it able for them to govern a country, which was seen as an extension of him/herself. Accordingly, personal self-control was a quality that was emphasized, because without self-control a king/queen was unable to govern his/her country. Perry observes that a king [was] bestowed upon a people by God, and if God wishes to reward a virtuous people, their ruler will be given the personal moral excellence to control himself(10). This implicates that a ruler should always have the best interest of the realms people in mind, respecting traditions and regulations, for the decisions made by a particular ruler and the manner in which he perfor ms his office effects not only his immediate subjects, but people of all degrees of society (DiMatteo, 177). This is a notion stressed by King James VI/I in his book Basilikon Doron: As he cannot be thought worthy to rule and command others, that cannot ruleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦his own proper affections and unreasonable appetites, so can he not be thought wordy to govern a Christian people, knowing and fearing God, that in his own person and heart, feareth not and loveth not the Devine Majesty. (qtd. in Perry, 1) Also, there was no clear distinction between the kings personal life and private life, and, accordingly, the kings/queens personal identity and morality was a public matter. Rulers were considered to be the moral representatives of their people, and were required to set a good example: Kings, being public persons by reason of their office and authority, are, as it were setà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦upon a public stage, in the sight of all the people where all the beholders eyes are attentively bent to look and pry in the least circumstance of their secretest drifts. Which should make kings the more careful not to harbour the secretest thought in their mind, but such as in their own time they shall not be ashamed openly to avouch. (qtd. in Perry, 4) As a result, rulers had to control their feelings and personal desires for the sake of the countrys welfare and were not entitled to give up everything for, for instance, love or personal desires. This also meant that friendships should be chosen because of their counsel, nobility, and moral wisdom rather than for any more inward or subjective reason (Perry, 4), because rulers distributed wealth and power among these friends, meaning that is was imperative that these positions of power were granted to capable individuals for the benefit of the country and its citizens. Consequently, this had to be done according to reason and not according to subjective feelings. When decisions were made according to misguided reason and passion, political tyranny was the result, for the overthrow of reason by passion leads a ruler to violate the principles of moral rule.(4) Moreover, tyranny [was] often seen as effeminate and associated with moral weakness (8) because it results from the rulers inab ility to control his/her aspirations. In Marlowes play, king Edward II is incapable of regulating his own desires and thoughts, and the imbalance and the violence ensued by the kings affection for Gaveston reminded an audience just how important a rulers ability of self-control is. The problem issued by the nobility in the play of Edward having Gaveston as his favourite lies mainly in Edwards decision to bypass them and to bestow to much power on someone of low birth without their consultation, which is in lines with customary political regulations, that it is possible for that person to overawe them. Laws were considered to be issued by God, and if God had wanted Gaveston to be that powerful God would have bestowed him with more power, and by granting Gaveston with that much power Edward denigrates the rest of his peers as stated by Lancaster: In this play, Gaveston represents the unruly desires that threaten to overturn the rational social order of society. Gaveston believes that as the personal favourite of the king he will be empowered in such a way that [His] knee shall bow to none but the King. (1.19) However, Edwards peers insist that the king must behave according to his impersonal duty to the publics need by suppressing his own longing and desires and acting out of reason. Mortimer senior emphasizes this need to conform to public wishes in the play when stating: If you love us, my lord, hate Gaveston. (1.79) Here, Mortimer senior asks the king to distinguish between two kinds of affection. On the one hand, there is his personal love and intimacy he feels for Gaveston, which is ascribed to passion and personal desire. Contrastively, there is an impersonal kind of love determined by the public status in moral reason: namely the affection a king is required to hold for his peers. So, Mortimer senior asks his king to d isregard his personal feelings for his duty and honour to the public. (Perry, 27) Nevertheless, Edward II is unable to accomplish this stating: I will have Gaveston (1.95) solely because he loves me more in all the world.(4.77). The result is disorder and chaos through which Mortimer Junior with the help of most of the other peers and Isabella obtain power. However, Mortimer Junior is revealed to be a figure of passionate political ambition chasing his own passions and desire; a tyrant who revels in his unrestrained power planning to advance his friends: Essentially, Mortimer Junior can be likened in the end to how Gaveston began in the play: as a figure representing passionate misrule, characterized by political ambition. Nevertheless, Valerie Traub suggests that the conclusions of these kind of early-modern plays tend to restore the social order. And because chaos is often expressed as an inversion of gender hierarchy, the reconstruction of order tends to reinstate masculine authority. (132). In Marlowes play Edward III represents this masculine authoritative figure, and he demonstrates his competence through his willingness to punish Mortimer Junior and -more importantly- his own mother, showing that he is able to subordinate personal affections to that of public duty in contrast to his father Edward II. Edwards political inabilities are inextricably connected with his sexuality, and his inability to handle it accordingly causes the civil rebellion in the play, and, ultimately, his death. Male affectivity and the perception on sexuality in the early-modern period is difficult to describe, because in a culture were intense male friendships and shared beds were the norm- it is almost impossible to distinguish between friends and lovers.(Hattaway, 482) Accusations of being a sodomite did occur; however, this generally did not refer to explicit sexual acts but was used to accuse somebody for immoral behaviour and acting out of unruly desires. Moreover, sexual orientation was not perceived as being a significant part of someones character, but according to Perry homoerotic desire was typically thought of as something that anybody could feel but that nobody should give expression to.(7) Nevertheless, buggery was considered to be a crime punishable by death in this period. Sex was created b y God for procreation and not for recreational purposes, making buggery a sin against God. In Edward the Second, the kings homoerotic relationship with his favourite Gaveston is made explicitly clear from the start where Gaveston compares their relationship to that of the classical story of Hero and Leander, for Leanders nightly meeting with Hero after his swim across the Hellespont was specifically a union of sexual love(Marlowe, xviii) which in return helps to assign Gavestons speech with an erotic undertone: Sweet prince, I come; these, these thy amorous lines Might have enforced me to have swum from France And, like Leander, gasped upon the sand, So thou wouldst smile and take me in thy arms. (1.6-9) Another occurrence in the play where classical figures are evoked to remark upon the relationship between the king, his favourite, and their erotic intimate behaviour is uttered by queen Isabella, who remarks that that their affection is even greater than Joves affection for the beautiful Ganymede: Like frantic Juno will I fill the earth With ghastly murmur of my sighs and cries For never doted Jove on Ganymede So much as he on cursed Gaveston. (4.178-81) Ganymede (a beautiful Trojan boy who was taken by Jove to serve as a cup-bearer on Mount Olympus because he fell in love with the boys appearance) came to act as an image for homoerotic desires and passions, and -in the early-modern period- he became to represent the foul sodomite (Orgel), epitomizing the essence of personal criminality and immorality. Surprisingly, in this play the problem does not lie in Edwards need to have a male minion for his sexual pleasures, as remarked by Mortimer senior when stating that The mightiest kings have had their minions: Great Alexander loved Hephaestion; The conquering Hercules for Hylas wept; And for Patroclus stern Achilles drooped. And not kings only, but the wisest men (4. 390-396) However, Edward II and Gavestons desires constitute a cultural threat because they insist that their homoeroticism not be divorced from their political and social identities (Stymeist, 237), making it possible for Gaveston to gain access to power that he should never be able to obtain, and resulting in a [h]omoerotic desireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[that] enables a subversion of social hierarchy (Chedszoy, 256). Edward even places Gaveston next to him on the queens throne, underscoring the reversed, unnatural order present at court. Edwards fatal mistake, moreover, rests in his unnatural devotion to Gaveston while ignoring his peers and -more important- his homo-social obligation towards them. This becomes apparent when Edward II refuses to ransom Mortimer senior when he is captured in battle, which triggers the rebellion against Edward II by his former peers, because they fear that this failure of homosocial obligation could prefigure larger rebellion and disorder in the realm (Chedszoy, 257). Edward II neglects his peers, his queen, and his country by focussing solely on the wellbeing of, and his love for Gaveston, depicting him as effeminate and incapable to perform his duty. However, in the end Edward II reasserts some of his masculine qualities, showing the ambivalence of his sexuality as portrayed by Marlowe. Edward shows that he is able to withstand the sufferings and torture he goes through, revealing a masculine strength: He hath a body able to endure / More than we can inflict (24.10-11). Furthermore, the historical accounts on Edward II explain that he had won his wife in a game of jousting. This game was a premier way of proving ones masculinity, because it is a physical and dangerous sport that required toughness, fitness, and an ability to control your horse; which implicated that you were able to control yourself (Flood, Women, Men, and Sex). Last, queen Isabella -one of the few women present in Marlowes play- plays a significant role and goes through the most radical transformation during the play which questions gender ideologies that existed at the time, ultimately resulting in her demise. As stated previously, women were stereotypically portrayed as acting out of unruly passions and desires, and they needed to be subordinate and controlled by men (Ryan, 132). At first, queen Isabella attempts to make her marriage succeed for her, and she endeavours at being patient and obedient wishing that that her marriage to Edward will turn out for the better and hoping that her husband will no longer reject her emotionally and sexually. Edward, in turn, does nothing to try and make their marriage work, for his only concern is about Gaveston, and he openly scorns his wife by saying to Gaveston: Speak not unto her; let her droop and pine (4.63), while Isabella in vainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦look[s] for love at Edwards hand (9.62). Chedgzoy observes that Marlowe repeatedly indicates that for both Isabella and Edward, an orderly reconciliation of their competing desires might be possible, so long as it also reconciles the political and personal aspirations that shape Isabellas dissatisfaction. (252) When Isabella brings the news that Gavestonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦shall be repealed. (4.323), a loving reconciliation between the two occur. However, this reunion is only ephemeral because Edward is unable to maintain a suitable balance between his erotic desires, his love, and his obligations as a king. Isabella connects Edwards unnatural love for Gaveston directly with the countrys decline: Edward, thou art one among them all / Whose looseness hath betrayed thy land to spoil / And made the channels overflow with blood. (17.10-12). Consequently, Edward pushes Isabella in the arms of Mortimer Junior. However, Isabella is not merely an innocent woman desperately craving for love, for her adulterous behaviour is suggested from the start and her political ambition and sexual transgression grows more obvious when the play progresses (Stymeist, 246). She draws on recognizing and exploiting the power [she has] over Mortimer thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ will lead to adultery and murder. (Fuller, 84) She tra nsforms from being an obedient wife to an adulterous, manipulative, and murdering woman, for it is Isabella, together Mortimer Junior, who conspire to Edward and Kents execution. According to Stymeist, Isabella becomes a nightmarish emblem of adultery and unnatural motherhood, allowing her son to be forcefully taken away by her paramour (246-247). Her political ambitions and her emotional distress caused by her husband go hand in hand. Furthermore, Isabella transforms from being a scorned wife with feminine desires and passions to being a military leader showing masculine qualities. She is described by Edward as a warrior queen whose eyes, being turned to steel, / Will sooner sparkle fire than shed a tear.(20.104-105), and her union with Mortimer Junior offers her access to political power. In the end, both Edward and Isabella need to be eliminated to regain the natural order at court and in the realm, emphasized by Sara Munson Deats by stating that Marlowes radicalism is ultimately contained by a pervasive disciplinary and admonitory ideology: the roles that Edward and Isabella ultimately select deviate too markedly from societys authorized subject positions, and so they must be sacrificed as scapegoats of their inflexible culture. (qtd. in stymeist, 238) All in all, in the early-modern period, men were stereotypically perceived as being the head of the family, to provide for them, and they were expected to act according to reason. Women were stereotypically perceived as being prone to emotional outbursts and acting out of desire and passion. These feminine qualities, however, can also be seen in Christopher Marlowes play Edward the Second in the male character of King Edward II. He is unable to rule his country because he is unable to control his personal feelings, causing a rebellion among his peers because he does not listen to them with regard to his personal favourite Gaveston. Edwards political inabilities are inextricably connected with his sexuality -ambivalently portrayed by Marlowe- and his inability to govern himself for the sake of his country results to his death. In addition, his wife, after emotional and sexual neglect by Edward II, undergoes a radical transformation in the play, from being a humble, obedient, and rejec ted wife to being described as a warrior queen whose emotional distress and political ambition causes her downfall, restoring the order with Edward III on the throne.

Pathogenesis of Anthrax :: Anthrax

There are two main factors that are important for an anthrax infection: bacterial proliferation (growth) and invasion of organ systems and the â€Å"†¦cytotoxic effect of anthrax toxin, with eventual organ failure and death† (Karginov). The first factor occurs once the host has been infected. This infection will never be reached if it were not for a very important characteristic of the bacterium: its ability to form spores. Sporulation occurs in the soil and on culture media but â€Å"†¦not in living tissue, unless exposed to air† (Sakarya). These spores are formed by B. anthracis in soil when the environment becomes inhospitable to growth due to a variety of factors including drought, excessive heat, lack of nutrients, or presence of harsh chemicals. The formation of a spore begins when a bacterium replicates its chromosome and places it within a hard shell. Once the outer cell wall dissolves, the endospore (â€Å"inner spore†) is released. This spore can lie dormant in its environment for a long period of time and survive many harsh conditions. Once the environment is favorable for growth, â€Å"†¦the spore will rehydrate to form a vegetative bacterium† (Campbell). Endospores are highly resistant to UV light, temperature extremes, high pH, drying, high salinity (salt) levels, different types of disinfection, and even time. An experiment conducted at Iowa State University in 1978, â€Å"†¦showed that a 50-year old vial of anthrax spores could still give rise to live bacteria† (Boyer). The two main methods for killing spores are incineration and high-pressure steam. The temperature required by these methods that will result in spore death is 240?F. Most laboratories and hospitals use similar conditions to sterilize instruments in an autoclave. Without the help of these spores, the chance for infection by B. anthracis would decrease dramatically. Once a host is infected by the spores and germinates, producti on of a capsule and three toxin proteins takes place. This leads to an important factor of anthrax infection involving the three toxin proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). To produce â€Å"†¦active toxins, PA must bind to cellular receptors and then to either EF or LF†(Joellenbeck). Binding of the protective antigen to either of the other two toxin proteins will form â€Å"†¦complexes which penetrate the patient’s cells to cause massive cell swelling and rapid cardiovascular collapse† (Hersack). These complexes will contribute to causing the disease. The edema toxin forms edema, which might â€Å"increase host susceptibility to infection with B.

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Encounters between people of different cultural backgrounds have existed forever.People have always thought bout things that were unusual in other cultures. But, those encounters were relatively slim in early days today, they are almost part of everyday life, At the same time, the interchange between cultures has jeopardized their very existence, and the emergence of a diverse culture, a fixation often referred to as globalization.. Primarily, what makes cultures different from each other is it looks at the process of what an individual goes through in an intercultural races, and how it adapts to culture changes in its environment.The individual learns its culture from its environment more then from its family, or from its social relationships. People found, that over time the world market, would change character to adapt to production and consumption and in its material also in its intellectual process. The intellectual creation of individual nations become common property. From the numerous national and local books, there comes a world literature between all cultures.If the environment changes, our internal learning structure gets disturbed, and we have to adapt after a certain pressure occurs this can well be a small adaption to ajust our behavior so that is new. Cultures do come together and new identities do arise. There are real communities that are formed and dissolved. People do go through many cultures, and identities. But the underlying culture still determine...

Rich Dad Poor Dad

Contact Details A) Regional offices of Higher Education :Sr. No. 1 Name of the Joint Director Address Joint Director of Higher Education 3, Mahapalika Marg, Dhobi Talav, Vistar No. 3, Mumbai-1 Joint Director of Higher Education, 17, Dr, Ambedkar Marg, Pune-01. Joint Director of Higher Education, Vidynagari, Sagarmaal, Rajaram College Area, Kolhapur-4. Joint Director of Higher Education, Old Morris College Area, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Nagpur-1. Joint Director of Higher Education, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran office st building, 1 floor, Behind Grahak Court , Jalgaon -1.Joint Director of Higher Education, Vidhrab institute Area, Amarvati-64. Joint Director of Higher Education, Padampura, Station Road, Near Devgiri College, Aurangabad-1. Phone No. 022-22656600 022-22691528 Fax No. 22656600 E-mail [email  protected] com [email  protected] co. in [email  protected] org. in [email  protected] in [email  protected] co. in [email  protected] com [email  protected] com [em ail  protected] in [email  protected] com Dr. Smt. Manjusha Molawane 2 Dr. N. M. Kadu 20-26127833 020-26051632 0231-2535400 0231-2535454 0712-2524231 26237833 2535400 3 Dr. B. B. Kadam 2561713 4 Dr. Ajit Deshmukh 0257-2238510 2238510 [email  protected] co. in 5 Dr. A. P. Manekar 0721-2531235 25311235 6 Dr. B. B. Chaudhary [email  protected] com [email  protected] com [email  protected] com 0240-2331913 2331913 7 Prof. Mohd. Faiyyaz 8 Dr. Smt. Urmila Dhoot Joint Director of Higher Education, Near 02462-253144 Govt. Polytechnic, Yashwant College, Nanded-5. Joint Director of Higher Education Govt. B. Ed.College Area, Mumbai Pune Marg, Panvel -6 Joint Director of Higher Education, Solapur- Pune Road, Solapur University Area, Kegaon, Solapur-55. 253244 jdhe. [email  protected] co. in jdhe. [email  protected] com 022-27453820 — 9 Dr. Smt. R. E. Shikalgar (Bhosale) govt-bed. [email  protected] rediffmail. com 10 Dr. B. B. Kadam 0217-2744770 Ex. 170 0217-2350055 274 4770 [email  protected] com Contact Details of Directorate of Higher Education, Central Building, Pune-01 Office Address :- Directorate of Higher Education, Central Building,Pune-01 Office Phone No. :- (020) 26126939 Office E mail ID Office Fax No. Sr. No. 1 :- [email  protected] co. in :- (020)26111153 Mobile No. E-mail Name of Officer in Scholarship Wing Shri. Hemant R. Deore 09421613520 [email  protected] co. in 2 Prof. Deepak D. Lull 09552626411 [email  protected] in 3 Mr. Anand R. Deshmukh 09822053474 [email  protected] co. in 4 Miss Arshiya Sayyed 09673197515 [email  protected] com 5 Miss Priya Andil 09689648868 [email  protected] co. in

Lead and Manage Group Living for Adults Essay

I work in a residential care home and as much as we try our very best to individualise and personalise care plans, bedrooms, give freedom of choice wherever possible, the home still has barriers to full freedom and because of the shared living space, it can be difficult for the residents to have their own space. The decision to come into a residential care setting usually means that the resident needs that extra support and wants the extra company and reassurance that being in a care home gives. Person centred care is set to enable everyone to live as independently as possible, but the reality is, people need care. Residential care homes and sheltered living accommodation have improved greatly when we compare the institutions of many years ago, the asylums, where people with all sorts of disabilities were held together. There were numerous reports of abuse in such places, which led to them closing and a more community style care service was put in place. Now there are many different options for the elderly, there is a lot of elderly people in Wales that are maintaining their independence at home, with a care package. Carers from an agency call several times throughout the day, night, depending on what the social services think they require, or what they can afford privately. As much as I think this is great, as it must be heartbreaking to give up your family home, it concerns me, as I hear horror stories of the elderly being left for several hours, maybe falling, sitting in their own urine or excrement and having limited choices throughout their day as to when they can get up out of bed, go to bed or even eat. The carers have allocated time slots each day and are allowed only a set time with each house visit, and then in-between they might be alone for long periods. I know that such people can have a lifeline, which they can press to get assistance, the lifeline reaches a call centre and the call centre will then contact the named people on their list to go and see if all is well, or might send an ambulance if they feel the need. Lifelines are a great idea, if they are used correctly, I have heard of several who leave theirs at the side of the bed, they either cannot reach, or fall whilst visiting the toilet and are unable to get to it. I have also heard tales of people pressing their lifeline to get some response off someone, someone to talk to, some company, as they are lonely or even fretful during the lonely  night hours. Sheltered accommodation is a great idea, each person has their own individual flat, often with a main front door with different door alarms on so they can call on the person they are visiting and go straight to see them. These flats are contained, small, easy to get around and keep clean, they can have call leads in several rooms in case of an emergency, they can cook for themselves if they so require, make themselves tea, watch what they want on the television and live quite independently. There used to be a warden present 24 hours a day, well almost, a 9-5 day shift, and then sleep in, during the night to be available in case of an emergency. Of course now there are so many cutbacks that live in wardens have been stopped throughout Wales, possibly elsewhere. There are now teams of 3 or 4 wardens that look after several establishments, they take turns to go around each unit, calling on the residents to ensure they are ok, they are usually there 9-1, half a day, then if the residents have any issues they must use their lifeline, or the emergency chord, which instead of being linked to the warden is now linked to a head office, who will contact relevant help for the resident. A residential home, I can only speak of ours, I have worked in 2 other nursing homes as well as the residential home I currently work in. Our home is homely, not clinical, it has carpet, not laminate or tiled flooring and it has a beautiful garden and outlook, large communal areas, including a big conservatory and lounge space split into two sides. The home is decorated tastefully for the residents, with flowers and plants and pictures, homely but not cluttered, the residents bedrooms are personalised by themselves with their belongings and choice of dà ©cor. The home does its best to treat every resident in a person centred approach, but it can be difficult to meet all needs accordingly. There are set meal times, which can be flexible to a point, they are offered alternative menu choices, but it isn’t always convenient for residents to eat whenever they so chose to. I must say that the residents are offered several snacks and drinks throughout the day so are very rarely hungry. The residents are able to come and go to their rooms as they wish, if they are safe to do so. The residents have a choice of communal area, or to go out and sit in the garden if they wish. Their meals are served in a communal dining room, but there are a few ladies that prefer  to sit alone in the communal areas to eat their meal, which is fine. There are carers available 24 hours a day, to assist as little or as much as needed for each resident, they are assisted with personal care, if required, with meals and much more. Throughout the home there is a nurse call buzzer system, if a resident needs help they can just buzz the buzzer, which is linked to a panel that shows the care staff where the buzzer has gone off so they can go and assist in whatever way needed. The home has a lift and a chair lift, aids in the bathrooms, toilets and showers, a laundry facility, a kitchen, domestic assistants, etc. I imagine many people compare the residential care setting to the hotel model of care, where residents come into care and do nothing much for themselves anymore. Maybe a lot of that is true, but not because they are not allowed to do anything for themselves, but because many chose not to, they are old, tired and have health complications and restrictions and want a rest. There are a few residents who like keeping busy and love to help with tasks around the home, laying tables, wiping tops, collecting cups, folding napkins, which is fantastic, but there are more that aren’t interested in any domestic chores. Housing with care for later life, a review written for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, suggests that there are so many different levels of housing facilities and choices available as a result of how care has developed in the UK over the last 20 years, with things changing to meet the needs of the tenants. Housing with some care is the most popular option that social and health care professionals like to choose for as many as possible, it seems to be the most popular as it is the most independent way of living for the elderly, with some level of support and security if needed. Extra care housing, which are establishments that provide a meal, additional services , barrier free environments are also known as very sheltered housing, I know very little about or I don’t know of any in my area, but they sound great. (Oldsman 200, Baker 2002) have written about such housing. There isn’t much difference between them and residential care homes, except they have their own front doors and are called tenants or owners, they can go and mix with other tenants in communal areas if they wish and are provided with a meal and the use of communal facilities or assisted technologies if they want them. It is important to consider an individual’s safety as well as their own choices, safety and security are as important as freedom of choice, as there are many elderly people that are extremely vulnerable and think that they are able to do much more than they can. Take for example Mrs H in our home; she loves to sit in her room alone for hours at a time. She is unable to walk, only transfer from chair to chair, to bed etc, she is a really bad epileptic and once she has a fit, it is difficult for ambulance staff, when called to bring her out of the fit, she usually requires hospital assistance as she has trouble breathing during her fit. She asks to go to her room all the time, but it is a huge risk and Mrs H has severe mental health issues after a brain bleed has been deemed to not have capacity to make safe decisions for herself. Several times when she has fitted, the care staff have seen it start in the lounge as they pass by and have managed to get to her in time to put her in the recovery position and remove anything that might cause her more harm Mrs H doesn’t understand when trying to explain to her why she is unable to go and sit in her room for hours at a time, but does go up for shorter time periods. It is important that any care setting is tastefully decorated to suit the residents that live there, to look homely, welcoming, and familiar, kept clean, and refurbished whenever necessary. Residents will feel more positive if they are in a pleasant environment, with a nice outlook, with comfortable furniture to sit on, with accessible amenities they can use themselves, a TV, drinks machine, books, music equipment, suitable lighting etc. Legal requirements have made a huge impact on care offered to the elderly today, when we look back at how things have changed, we have definitely come along way, but I would definitely not say we are there yet, as things are always changing, people change, and we need to also. Individualistic consumer led approach to care in the 80’s and 90’s led to the government looking at decreasing the dependency culture, to enable people to be as independent at they could. There have been many changes over the years with the financial support given to those with various needs, which enables them to choose their level of care and support and where they wish to live etc. The 1989 Caring for People white paper led the way for care in the community, as well as the NHS Community Care Act 1990, which promoted independent living for people with a more flexible care  service. In 200 the Care Standards Act came into place, they are basically in place to regulate all care facilities to ensure that everything within their power is being done to a satisfactory level. Along with the regulating, they also inspect care settings and have power to make big decisions and requirements for each place they visit, as a result of this Act we now have the National Minimum standards to adhere to.